ABSTRACT
La fibrosis pulmonar idiopática (FPI) se caracteriza por presentar una capacidad funcional reducida, disnea e hipoxia inducida por el ejercicio, lo que disminuye su tolerancia al esfuerzo y limita su capacidad de realizar actividades diarias. Las comorbilidades son frecuentes y su presencia contribuyen al empeoramiento de la calidad de vida y aumento de la mortalidad. Por lo anterior, es que además de las terapias antifibróticas, los pacientes con FPI se benefician de un enfoque integral de la atención que puede incluir: pesquisa, diagnóstico y tratamiento de comorbilidades, ingreso a protocolos de investigación, manejo sintomático, cuidados paliativos, oxígeno suplementario, rehabilitación pulmonar, educación y apoyo por un equipo multidisciplinario.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by reduced functional capacity, dyspnea and exercise-induced hypoxia, which decreases tolerance to exertion and limits the ability to perform daily activities. Comorbidities are frequent and their presence contribute to worsening quality of life and increased mortality. Therefore, in addition to antifibrotic therapies, patients with IPF benefit of a comprehensive approach to care that may include: screening, diagnosis and treatment of comorbidities, admission to research protocols, symptomatic management, palliative care, supplementary oxygen, pulmonary rehabilitation, education and support by a multidisciplinary team.
Subject(s)
Humans , Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/therapy , Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/epidemiology , Oxygen Inhalation Therapy , Patient Care Team , Comorbidity , Chemotherapy, Adjuvant , Cough/etiology , Dyspnea/etiology , Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/complications , Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/drug therapyABSTRACT
Clásicamente entendemos como exacerbación de la Fibrosis pulmonar idiopática (FPI) a un deterioro respiratorio, clínicamente significativo, sin causa evidente. En la actualidad se prefiere el concepto de "exacerbación aguda gatillada" para referirnos a aquella que se genera en el contexto de infección, aspiración, toxicidad por drogas, tromboembolismo pulmonar, insuficiencia cardiaca o posterior a procedimientos invasivos. Mientras que se reserva el termino de "exacerbación aguda idiopática" a aquella en la que no encontramos un gatillante. El pronóstico es ominoso, con mortalidad elevada, con cifras que fluctúan entre 50-90% dependiendo de la necesidad de soporte ventilatorio. Por lo que muchas veces una exacerbación aguda puede ser el evento final de un paciente con FPI. El tratamiento no es del todo claro, no existe evidencia robusta del beneficio de terapias, históricamente los corticoides se han utilizados como terapia estándar, sin embargo la evidencia actual cuestiona los beneficios de dicho tratamiento.
Classically we understand as an exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) to a clinically significant respiratory deterioration, without obvious cause. At present, the concept of "acute triggered exacerbations" is preferred to refer to those that are generated in the context of infection, aspiration, drug toxicity, pulmonary thromboembolism, heart failure or after invasive procedures. While the term "idiopathic acute exacerbations" is reserved for those in which we do not find a trigger. The prognosis is ominous and the mortality is high, with figures that fluctuate between 50 to 90% depending on the need for ventilatory support. Many times an acute exacerbation can be the final event of a patient with IPF. The treatment is not entirely clear, there is no robust evidence of the benefit of therapies, historically corticosteroids have been used as standard therapy, however current evidence questions the benefits of such a treatment.
Subject(s)
Humans , Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/pathology , Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/therapy , Prognosis , Risk Factors , Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a type of chronic fibrosing interstitial pneumonia, of unknown etiology, which is associated with a progressive decrease in pulmonary function and with high mortality rates. Interest in and knowledge of this disorder have grown substantially in recent years. In this review article, we broadly discuss distinct aspects related to the diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. We list the current diagnostic criteria and describe the therapeutic approaches currently available, symptomatic treatments, the action of new drugs that are effective in slowing the decline in pulmonary function, and indications for lung transplantation.
A fibrose pulmonar idiopática é um tipo de pneumonia intersticial crônica fibrosante, de causa desconhecida, associada à piora funcional respiratória progressiva e taxas elevadas de mortalidade. Em anos recentes, o interesse e os conhecimentos sobre essa moléstia têm aumentado substancialmente. O presente artigo de revisão aborda de maneira ampla aspectos relacionados ao diagnóstico e tratamento da doença. Nele são listados os critérios atuais para o diagnóstico e são discutidos as diferentes abordagens terapêuticas agora disponíveis, o tratamento sintomático, a ação de novas drogas eficazes em reduzir o ritmo de deterioração funcional pulmonar e as indicações para transplante pulmonar.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/diagnosis , Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/therapy , Comorbidity , Diagnosis, Differential , Risk Factors , Symptom Flare Up , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
La FPI predomina en el sexo masculino, en edades avanzadas, con tos y/o disnea progresivas. Un 5% se presenta como una forma familiar. La tomografía axial computarizada de tórax, fundamental en el diagnóstico, en al menos un 50% hace innecesaria la biopsia. El diagnóstico es conjunto con clínicos, radiólogos y patólogos. La sobrevivencia media es de tres a cinco años desde el diagnóstico. La historia natural es un deterioro progresivo, pero hay formas rápidas y también pueden aparecer exacerbaciones que ensombrecen el pronóstico. Diversas comorbilidades se han descrito como la hipertensión pulmonar, la asociación con enfisema y el reflujo gastroesofágico. Sólo recientemente aparecen fármacos útiles, que son la Pirfenidona y el Nintedanib. El clásico esquema de prednisona, azatriopina y N-acetil cisteina, se ha demostrado ineficaz. Otros recursos que pueden utilizarse como complementos útiles en la enfermedad son el oxígeno, la rehabilitación, las terapias antirreflujo y el manejo sintomático de la tos.
PF appears mainly in aged males, with progressive cough and dyspnea. In 5% of the cases the disease presents as a familial form. CT scan is key in diagnosis of the disease. In no less than 50% biopsy is unnecessary but diagnosis must be made in conjunction with clinician, radiologist and pathologist. Median survival is 3 to 5 years from diagnosis. Natural history is a progressive deterioration but there are fast evolution cases and exacerbation of the disease that make worse the prognosis. Pulmonary hypertension, the association with emphysema and gastroesophageal reflux has been described as comorbidities of the disease. Last year has been published the positive results of therapeuticall trials with two new drugs, Pirfenidone and Nintedanib. The classical regime for IPF with Prednisone, Azathriopine and Acetylcysteine has been showed as useless. Oxygen, Pulmonary rehabilitation, gastroesophageal reflux and cough management are complementary treatment for the disease.
Subject(s)
Humans , Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/diagnosis , Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/therapy , Biopsy , Biomarkers , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Comorbidity , Clinical Evolution , Survival Rate , Risk Factors , Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/genetics , Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/mortality , Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/drug therapySubject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/therapy , Lung/pathology , Biopsy , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
Doenças pulmonares obstrutivas crônicas acarretam em redução na qualidade de vida dos portadores e altos gastos ao sistema público de saúde. Na maioria dos casos, o tratamento destas enfermidades envolve apenas medidas paliativas, o que as tornam grandes alvos de pesquisa com terapia celular. As células-tronco têm capacidade de se diferenciar em todos os tecidos que compõem o organismo devido à plasticidade, e sua ação na regeneração tecidual é comprovada apesar do mecanismo não estar totalmente elucidado. Células-tronco foram, em princípio, pesquisadas como panacéias para doenças neurológicas, cardiovasculares e diabetes. Os resultados favoráveis à utilização dessa terapia nestes sistemas impulsionaram pesquisas em doenças pulmonares obstrutivas crônicas, como enfisema, fibrose cística e fibrose pulmonar idiopática.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have been targets of cell therapy research, because they decrease life quality, cost a lot to the public health system and can only be treated with palliative protocols. The stem cells are capable of differentiating into all body tissues, according to their plasticity, and its action in tissue regeneration is established, although the mechanism is not fully elucidated. Stem cells were initially investigated as panaceas for diabetes as well as for neurological and cardiovascular diseases. The positive results obtained with stem cell therapy in these systems stimulated research about its use for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, such as emphysema, cystic fibrosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.